Description

A comprehensive computer-based search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, ISI web of knowledge, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Science direct databases, without time limit, until May 2022. Beyond direct risks of contracting COVID-19 that may be elevated, these individuals are also at risk for SUD symptom exacerbation or relapse via increased negative affect and life stressors. Social distancing-related closures, while in line with public health guidelines, have also disrupted SUD treatment and recovery support service access for these individuals when they need it most. The confluence of these indirect risks for millions with current and remitted SUD makes reduced service access a key public health issue during an ongoing, public health pandemic.

Barriers to Engagement

Nursing students lacked knowledge about the characteristics of diabetic ulcers, diabetic neuropathy, wound infection, and adjunctive therapy for diabetic ulcers, and many of them believe that diabetic ulcer care is too time-consuming to carry out. Iranian policymakers can use the strengths of the Turkish nursing education system, which is close to Iran in terms of context, to help improve this education system. Participation in Mutual-Help Organizations (MHOs), such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and smart recovery, is the most common form of SUD help-seeking in the US. In response to service reductions caused by social distancing closures, local AA and other 12-step MHOs have migrated their meetings to online video platforms. Also, recovery community organizations have banded together to offer online recovery support meetings for individuals recovery with an array of recovery pathways (e.g., 12-step, secular, and medication-assisted). While access to in-person, empirically-supported SUD services is declining, access AA to online recovery support meetings, which had already extended the reach of in-person resources, is rapidly expanding.

Findings show that almost half of the nursing students have insufficient knowledge of diabetic ulcer care. In the absence of rigorous studies that can directly inform clinical and public health recommendations, a brief review of relevant literature, in context of barriers and potential drawbacks, suggests the risk-to-benefit ratio of participation in these free, digital recovery support services is favorable.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the world's fastest-growing and most serious health problems. Twelve-step MHO participation improves substance use outcomes for individuals with alcohol use disorder and stimulant use disorder, as well as opioid use disorder after receiving, or in tandem with, opioid agonist medications like buprenorphine and methadone. AA participation, specifically, promotes these better outcomes by enhancing a) recovery-supportive social network changes, such as adding supportive individuals to, and dropping risky individuals from, one’s network, b) coping skills, c) abstinence self-efficacy, and d) abstinence motivation. These mechanisms of behavior change are consistent with theorized targets of other psychosocial approaches including cognitive-behavioral therapies. Pending more rigorous research, existing data also suggests MHO participation in secular (i.e., non-12-step) groups like smart recovery may be associated with benefits similar to 12-step MHOs. One might also hypothesize secular MHOs mobilize mechanisms similar to AA, given the overlap among different MHOs in their most core therapeutic elements (e.g., shared experience, social support, etc.). Like in-person groups, online recovery support meeting participation could help boost coping, self-efficacy, and motivation through combinations of new information and ideas, ready access to active support, and peer-based vicarious learning. Online recovery support meetings may also offer opportunities for adaptive social network changes, albeit to a lesser extent than in-person groups.

Globally, an estimated 537 million people between the ages of 20 and 79 are currently living with DM. This number is predicted to rise to 643 million by 2030 and will reach a staggering 783 million by 2045. The US Department of Health and Human Services is actively supporting and encouraging the use of telemedicine in response to COVID-19 social distancing precautions. SUD telemedicine generally produces substance use outcomes that rival those of in-person therapy for individuals with alcohol use disorder, as well as individuals with opioid use disorder when provided with opioid agonist medication. The fact that SUD telemedicine is a viable alternative to empirically-supported in-person SUD treatment analogs, suggests that online recovery support meetings are also likely to be viable alternatives to their empirically-supported, in-person MHO analogs.

Drawbacks of Participation

Data suggesting MHO participation is associated with better substance use outcomes are balanced by data suggesting there may be participation barriers for key groups. Individuals with non-abstinence goals, those with drug use disorder who are new to treatment, and those taking agonist medication may experience more challenges engaging with 12-step MHOs. These individuals may experience similar challenges engaging with online 12-step MHO meetings. While the availability of online groups that cater to specific populations (e.g., Medication Assisted Recovery Anonymous; MARA) may offset, in part, these limitations, they are not as widespread as online 12-step MHO meetings and may be more difficult to locate.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 9 September 2021 to 25 February 2022 in three colleges of nursing located on Java, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan islands. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement (STROBES) guidelines were used to guide the authors in preparing this article. Additional drawbacks, including risks, to online recovery support meeting participation are important to mention. First, while evidence shows SUD telemedicine is an effective alternative to in-person interventions, which suggests online recovery support meetings may be an effective alternative to in-person MHOs, more research is needed on SUD telemedicine in its own right. Also, in light of emerging data that group telemedicine for psychiatric disorders, more generally, may be less likely than in-person group therapy to promote positive alliance, it is possible that the positive effects of SUD telemedicine may not translate to online recovery support meetings. In situations where individuals may only have access to online digital SUD services, however, the positive SUD telemedicine data are informative. The COVID-19 pandemic puts people with current and remitted SUD at increased risk for symptom exacerbation and relapse through added stressors and reduced service access. Critically, individuals can adhere to public health guidelines for social distancing by physical distancing while engaging with ongoing social support and connection via free, online recovery support meetings.

Given the potential benefits, in context of barriers and risks that may be partially addressed, we believe the risk-to-benefit ratio of online recovery support meeting participation is favorable. Particularly during this time of limited access to empirically-supported SUD services, online recovery support meetings may help address COVID-19-related risks and thereby mitigate the overall public health burden of this pandemic. Second, privacy breaches could occur if another individual observes a participant’s screen, for example, or if online platforms themselves collect or share data from participants. Breaches from indirect observation are difficult to address, though privacy risks can be partially managed through participation only on encrypted platforms and ensuring the host is taking advantage of privacy options (e.g., requiring a password and host permission to enter the meeting). Lastly, broadband internet access continues to divide individuals along socioeconomic lines. For those who lack access to broadband internet needed for online video streaming, referral to meetings accessible by telephone is an available option.