Description

The significance of microbial local area variety for soil working is as yet discussed. The response of specialized soil functions and microbiome stability in a eutrophic environment was revealed by utilizing a dilution strategy and supplementation with N nutrient and electron donors in this study. In contrast to our previous findings in oligotrophic conditions, the loss of diversity significantly inhibited Fe reduction and methanogens, delayed lindane degradation average residual concentration: 11.88 mg kg and delayed lindane degradation average residual concentration: 1.23 mg kg. Associating with a decrease in the abundance of specialized dechlorinators and methanogens, dilution under eutrophic conditions also reduced the intensity of coupling between lindane degradation and methanogens. However, a significant increase in microbial respiration was exacerbated by a decrease in microbial diversity. Under conditions of diversity loss, microbial co-occurrence networks became more robust, with a strong correlation between microbiome stability, abundant species, and network complexity. The strength of the interactions between functional bacterial and archaeal groups was determined by nutrient status as a whole, resulting in a contrast between the reliance of specialized and generalist soil functioning on microbial diversity. The expanded diversity-functioning relationships to a multi-factor context and improved evaluation of carbon loss are new insights provided by these findings.

Fungal Population Dynamics

Crop biomass output and allocations of carbon both above and below ground are affected by rising atmospheric CO₂ levels. Under eCO₂, enhanced microbial activities, increased root exudation, and increased availability of soil-labile C all contribute to higher below-ground C allocation. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil-enzymatic activities increased as a result of the increase in CO₂, which also led to an increase in nutrient mobilization, emissions of greenhouse gases and soil priming. However, a number of researchers have observed the bacterial and fungal population dynamics and their functional activities under elevated CO₂ and temperature, indicating that there is conflicting information regarding changes in soil microbial diversity. Because bacteria are highly adaptable, numerous studies highlighted the fact that microbial diversity will not change. Others demonstrated that eCO2 had a positive and negative impact on structural and functional diversity. Alternately, an increase in C inputs under eCO₂ may be allocated to labile soil C pools that may not convert to stable soil organic carbon pools. These pools may rotate rapidly. We do not fully comprehend the mechanisms that are involved in the storage, transformation, and turnover of excess carbon that enters soils as a result of elevated CO₂ in the atmosphere. In addition, it is necessary to clearly document how the eCO₂ concentration affects the diversity of soil microbes, which is crucial for carbon transportation in the rhizosphere. In addition to varying with atmospheric CO₂ concentration, the rhizosphere’ s soil microbecarbon interactions are temporally influenced by crop yield, climate, and land use patterns. So, we hypothesized that the change in elevated CO₂ might have different temporal and spatial effects on the activities of the belowground soils under different vegetation. As a result, the study's goals were to learn more about the effects of elevated CO₂ on the structure and function of microbial diversity in soil at various vegetation types across temporal and spatial scales over the past five decades.

Crop Diversity in Ecosystems

Rice supplies the calorie requirements of 60% of the world's population and 76% of Southeast Asia's, making it the primary food crop for billions of people worldwide. With the world's largest rice cultivation area, China is the largest rice producer and consumer. The amount of arable land per person is seriously inadequate in light of the rapid growth of the global population. As a result, two significant issues that need to be addressed right now are ensuring the quality of arable land and ensuring food security. In order to alleviate food insecurity and improve the quality of cultivated land, one important agricultural production practice is to increase plant diversity. Crop rotation can increase crop diversity and complementarity in agro ecosystems, thereby reducing weeds, pests, and pathogens in paddy fields. Rice yields can be increased by rotating it with legumes, maize, or oilseed rape, according to numerous evidence, in comparison to continuous cropping rice. As a result, crop rotation is regarded as a sustainable farming method for increasing crop productivity and soil quality. The soil microbiome of a given soil can be influenced by different crop communities' ability to create their own distinct environments in the soil. Rice rotations with other crops, according to previous research, can boost paddy productivity and ecosystem functions by enhancing soil physicochemical properties, oxidizing reductive substances produced during rice planting, and neutralizing acidic substances produced. Soil trade-off and functional stability may be affected by changes in soil microbial diversity and community components as a result of long-term crop rotation regulation. Improved soil fertility and microbially driven nutrient dynamics were related to the influence of crop rotation on increased rice yield. Because the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil play a role in its fertility, understanding the microbiome of the soil is essential to highlighting crop rotation's positive effects on soil function and productivity. By directly triggering soil properties and resource availability, rice rotation with other crops is considered a planting practice that significantly alters soil microbial diversity and ecological relationships among community members. A new milestone in the preservation of earthen ruins was reached on July 6, 2019, when the Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City were officially recognized as a World Heritage Site. However, the issue of microbial deterioration at the Liangzhu City Archaeological Ruins should not be overlooked. We collected microbial and soil samples for microbial diversity and correlation analysis with soil physicochemical properties from various sites at various seasons to address conservation issues for earthen archaeological ruins. The findings demonstrated that there were significant temporal and spatial differences in the diversity of prokaryotes at the Liangzhu City Archaeological Ruins, whereas the diversity of eukaryotes significantly changed with changing geographic locations rather than seasons. Microbial diversity was found to be significantly correlated with soil properties like water content, pH, nutrients, and metal ions, particularly calcium, magnesium, and aluminum. Soil retention required all of these properties. In general, microorganisms not only have an impact on the sites' appearance but also pose additional risks to the earthen ruins. Our study provided fundamental temporal and spatial data on the microbial diversity and soil properties of the Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City, which would further aid in the prevention of soil erosion in humid regions.