Human skeletal muscle satellite cells co-express Aldehyde Dehydrogenase isoforms ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3

Laura Sophie Rihani; Friederike Liesche-Starneckera; Jürgen Schlegel

Human skeletal muscle satellite cells co-express Aldehyde Dehydrogenase isoforms ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3

Laura Sophie Rihani^*, Friederike Liesche-Starneckera and Jürgen Schlegel

Department of Anatomy and Histology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dares Salaam, Tanzania , East Africa

*Corresponding Author:: Laura Sophie Rihani
Department of Anatomy and Histology
Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dares Salaam
Tanzania, East Africa
Tel: 255717090572
E-mail: laurasoprihani70@yahoo.co.uk

Received Date: December 07, 2020 Accepted Date: December 21, 2020 Published Date: December 28, 2020

Citation: Rihani LS, Starneckera FL, Schlegel J (2020) Human skeletal muscle satellite cells co-express Aldehyde Dehydrogenase isoforms ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3. J Anat Sci Res. Vol.3 No.2:3

Copyright: © 2020 Rihani LS, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

The brachial artery is the direct continuation of the third part axillary artery at the lower border of teres major muscle and normally it terminates about a centimeter distal to elbow joint (at the level of neck of the radius) by dividing into radial and ulnar arteries. This study was done on 18 cadavers which were available in the department of anatomy and the aim was to determine and find out the variations in division pattern of the main artery of the arm; brachial artery.

All the cadavers were dissected, and we found that two out of eighteen cadavers have the variation. In the first cadaver a bilateral short segment (approximately 1 cm from its origin) of the brachial artery which divide into radial and ulnar arteries at the level of the upper third of the arm. In the second cadaver, a unilateral high bifurcation of brachial artery was found in left upper limb and this was at a level nearly middle third of the arm. The general physicians, surgeons, and radiologists must be mindful to these possible anatomical variations of the brachial artery, in their daily medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Keywords

Anatomical variations; Bifurcation; Brachial artery; Radial artery; Ulnar artery

Background

The brachial artery provides the main arterial supply to the arm and is the continuation of the axillary artery. It begins at the inferior (distal) border of the teres major and ends in the cubital fossa opposite the neck of the radius under cover of the bicipital aponeurosis, where it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries [1]. At first the brachial artery is medial to the humerus, but gradually spirals anterior to it until it lies midway between the humeral epicondyles. The brachial artery is wholly superficial, covered anteriorly only by skin and superficial and deep fasciae. Its pulsation can be felt throughout [2].

As it passes inferolaterally, the brachial artery accompanies the median nerve, which crosses anterior to the artery. During its course through the arm, the brachial artery gives rise to unnamed muscular branches and the humeral nutrient artery, which arise from its lateral aspect. The main named branches of the brachial artery that arise from its medial aspect are the profunda brachii artery, superior ulna collateral artery, inferiorulnar collateral artery and the two terminal branches [1,2].

Although collateral pathways confer some protection against gradual temporary and partial occlusion, sudden complete occlusion or laceration of the brachial artery creates a surgical emergency because paralysis of muscles results from ischemia within a few hours [1]. The knowledge of arterial anatomy of the upper limbs and its common variations is very essential to all medical practitioners. It has been pointed that an appreciation of variations in the upper extremity vasculature is very essential to prevent injury, thrombosis, gangrene and even amputation of limbs, particularly in patients requiring dialysis or undergoing arteriography [3].

Anatomical variations of the arterial system of the upper extremities are quite not uncommon; however, brachial artery and its terminal branches variations are less common [4]. In a study, where 51 cadavers were studied, only one specimen (2%) of the specimens found to have bilateral higher division of brachial artery [5]. A unilateral high division of brachial artery has also been reported as a rare case [6,7].

Materials, Methods and Results

In the present study, 18 cadavers (36 upper limbs) were dissected. The brachial artery was carefully traced for its origin, course, and termination. The findings were as follows: One cadaver had a bilateral very short segment (approximately 1 cm from its origin) of the brachial artery which immediately divided into radial and ulnar arteries at the level of the upper third of the arm. In the middle of the arm, the radial artery was crossed by median nerve from medial to lateral side (Figures 1 and 2). The radial artery entered into the cubital fossa by crossing the tendon of biceps brachii superficially. In the second cadaver, we observed a unilateral high bifurcation of brachial artery was found in left upper limb and this was at a level nearly middle third of the arm. The radial artery originated medial to the ulnar artery, coursed distally for 1 or 2 cm then crossed above the ulnar artery to the lateral side (Figure 3). Though many articles reported variations in the division of brachial artery at various levels, the middle third of the arm variations are relatively of rare occurrence [7].

Figure 1: Dissection of a right upper limb (point of bifurcation is shown by red star*)

Figure 2: Dissection of a left upper limb (point of bifurcation is shown by red star*).

Figure 3: Dissection of a left upper limb (point of cross is shown by red star*).

Discussion

A detail description of upper limb vascular variability has been described, estimated to be between 9% and 18.5% [8]. However, high origin of radial artery occurrence is said to be between 3 to 15%, also described a case of early division of brachial artery in middle of the right arm [9-11]. High division of brachial artery in the proximal third has also been reported by [12-14]. In our study early bifurcation of brachial artery was found 2 cadavers i.e. 2 left and 1 right upper limb, which is equivalent to 8.3%, out of 36 dissected upper limbs.

The anomalous blood vessels are influenced greatly by local hemodynamic factors during embryological development of the vessels. Altered hemodynamic environment may give rise to variant patterning of blood vessels [15,16].

Conclusion

The brachial artery may not be clinically an important vessel when it comes to daily diagnostic procedures only, but may also create a surgical emergency when there is a sudden complete occlusion of the vessel that may lead to gangrene. In this study, high bifurcation of brachial artery was counted for 8.3% showing a much uncommon event. This type of anomaly can sometimes be superficial in many of the cases and hence increase the vulnerability of the vessel to cannulation or traumatic injury. Consequently, it is quite important for all medical practitioners to keep in mind possibility of this kind of variation before initiating any procedure.