From BCG to Novel Therapies Advances in Mycobacterial Disease Management

Alexia Silva

doi:10.36648/2576-1412.8.4.232

From BCG to Novel Therapies Advances in Mycobacterial Disease Management

Alexia Silva^*

Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Sant, Vitoria, Espírito Santo, Brazil

*Corresponding Author:: Alexia Silva
Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Sant, Vitoria, Espírito Santo,
Brazil,
E-mail: silvaa@yahoo.com.com

Received date: July 12, 2024, Manuscript No. IPJAMB-24-19673; Editor assigned date: July 15, 2024, PreQC No. IPJAMB-24-19673 (PQ); Reviewed date: July 29, 2024, QC No. IPJAMB-24-19673; Revised date: August 05, 2024, Manuscript No. IPJAMB-24-19673 (R); Published date: August 12, 2024, DOI: 10.36648/2576-1412.8.4.232

Citation: Silva A (2024) From BCG to Novel Therapies Advances in Mycobacterial Disease Management. J Appl Microbiol Biochem Vol.8 No.4: 232.

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Description

Mycobacterial diseases, particularly Tuberculosis (TB), continue to pose significant global health challenges. Despite the availability of the Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine since the 1920s, TB remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. Recent advancements in understanding mycobacterial infections have prepare for novel therapies and strategies, offering hope for improved management of these diseases. The management of mycobacterial diseases has evolved significantly, transitioning from the BCG vaccine to novel therapies that potential more effective treatment options [2]. Advances in drug development, diagnostics and public health strategies are critical in the fight against tuberculosis. While challenges remain, particularly regarding drug resistance, ongoing research and collaboration offer hope for better control and eventual elimination of this ancient disease. As we move forward, a multifaceted approach that combines innovative therapies with strong public health initiatives will be essential in tackling the mycobacterial menace [3].

Advances in treatment strategies

The introduction of the all-oral regimen BPaL (Bedaquiline, Pretomanid and Linezolid) for treating drug-resistant TB represents a significant breakthrough. This regimen reduces the treatment duration to about six months, compared to the traditional regimen, which can last up to two years tuberculosis, proving effective against drug-resistant strains. Delamanid an innovative Nitro-Dihydro-Imidazo-Oxazole (NDH) compound that helps in treating MDR-TB, it offers an alternative to traditional therapies [4]. Pretomanid this drug, combined with bedaquiline and linezolid, has shown potential results in treating XDR-TB. HDTs may involve the use of immunomodulators to enhance the body’s ability to fight the infection. Thalidomide and lenalidomide these drugs, traditionally used for certain cancers, have shown potential in modulating immune responses in TB patients. Some studies suggest that Vitamin D supplementation may enhance the immune response to TB, though further research is needed. The concept of personalized medicine is gaining traction in the treatment of mycobacterial diseases [5]. Genetic profiling of M. tuberculosis strains can help customer treatments based on the the specific drug resistance patterns of the infecting strain. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complicates treatment regimens. Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB) require longer, more toxic treatment courses, often resulting in poor adherence and treatment failure. Addressing drug resistance is critical for effective TB management [6].

Innovations in diagnostics

Advances in diagnostic technologies are vital for timely and effective management of mycobacterial diseases. Traditional culture methods are being supplemented or replaced by rapid molecular tests, such as GeneXpert this rapid diagnostic test can detect M. tuberculosis and its resistance to rifampicin within hours, facilitating prompt treatment initiation. Whole genome sequencing this technology enables comprehensive characterization of bacterial strains, providing valuable information for treatment decisions [7]. Effective management of mycobacterial diseases extends beyond medical advancements it requires robust public health strategies. Enhanced surveillance systems are essential for tracking TB incidence and identifying outbreaks, particularly in high-risk populations. Raising awareness about TB prevention, symptoms, and the importance of treatment adherence is vital in reducing transmission and improving outcomes [8]. Global collaboration international partnerships, such as the global fund and stop TB partnership, are vital for mobilizing resources, sharing knowledge and implementing effective TB control strategies. While BCG provides significant protection against severe forms of TB in children, such as disseminated TB and meningitis, its efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB in adults varies widely. This inconsistency has prompted ongoing research into new vaccination strategies [9]. The BCG vaccine’s variable effectiveness highlights the need for new vaccines that offer broader and more reliable protection. Current research is alternative vaccination strategies, including: Revaccination with BCG some studies suggest that revaccination may enhance immunity in populations with high TB prevalence. New vaccine candidate’s research is underway on several novel vaccines, such as M72/AS01E and VPM1002, which are designed to elicit stronger immune responses [10].