Description

An aesthetic and intensive care practice contribute to the burden that healthcare-associated infections continue to impose on healthcare organizations. To lessen its impact, it is essential to have knowledge and comprehension of transmission mitigation techniques. Decontamination is the process of cleaning and either disinfecting or sterilizing reusable medical devices to make them safe for reuse. The physical removal of foreign matter from an object is known as cleaning. Sterilization eliminates all viable microorganisms, whereas disinfection only removes the majority. Disposable single-use medical supplies eliminate the need for additional decontamination by being sterilized during manufacturing.

Controlling and Disinfection Methods

In order to address environmental contamination, a critical issue for public health and economics, extensive research has been conducted on sterilization and disinfection of pollutants and microorganisms. Microorganisms and harmful gases are among the hazardous materials and pollutants that are released into the environment and enter the human body through inhalation, adsorption, or ingestion. Numerous respiratory illnesses, strokes, lung cancer, and heart conditions linked to these pollutants increase human mortality rates. Therefore, it is essential to control environmental pollution by employing life-saving sterilization and disinfection methods that are cost-effective. a wide range of conventional physical and chemical methods for disinfection and sterilization, including dry and moist heat, radiation, filtration, ethylene oxide, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and others are well-known, as are sophisticated methods. In this review, we provided a synopsis of both modern and traditional methods of sterilization and disinfection, as well as their intended outcomes and applications. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are discussed in this review. In spite of the efficient solution provided by advanced sterilization and disinfection technology, joint sterilization and disinfection technologies have proven to be a more efficient innovation for protecting both indoor and outdoor environments. The process of decellularization removes the cellular components from organs or tissue to create a structural template called an extracellular matrix that can be used in tissue engineering. Chemical, enzymatic, physical, or a combination of these methods can be used to decellularize the cells. Medical devices that come into contact with blood must be sterile and hemo compatible. Gamma radiation, freeze-drying, ethylene oxide, peracetic acid, antibiotics, and ethanol are some of the various sterilization methods. This study examines the three main aspects of xenogeneic pericardium's decellularization, sterilization, and hemo compatibility for tissue engineering applications. This study provides a brief overview of the most recent decellularization methods and combinations, including the chemical method, the chemical and enzymatic method, and the physical and chemical method. The efficiency of the various sterilization methods and the post-sterilization results that various research groups obtained on pericardium scaffolds are discussed. In addition, this review examines in vitro hemocompatibility tests for xenogeneic biomaterials, including hemolysis, platelet adhesion, the coagulation system, and leucocyte activation.

Simple Hydrothermal Oxidation and Ultrasonic Dispersion

The new photo catalytic materials play a key role in the recent realization of photo catalytic sterilization as a viable option for efficient sunlight-based water purification.TiO2 nanoparticles and Bi2S3 microspheres were uniformly distributed on the MXene nano sheets through simple hydrothermal oxidation and ultrasonic dispersion, resulting in a novel Z-scheme hetero junction material that was proposed in this study. In just 120 minutes, this Z-scheme hetero junction made it possible to sterilize both Gram-negative and positive bacteria effectively and quickly. S. aureus, in particular, had an apparent reaction constant of 0.01659 min-1, which is significantly higher than MXene and other known materials in this area. This was confirmed by the first-order kinetic model and DFT simulation calculations and could be attributed to the composite's low impedance, wide light absorption range and narrow band gap which facilitated the transfer and separation of photo-generated charges. As a result, the bacterial defenses were effectively disrupted by the reactive species produced by photo catalysis, which reduced enzyme activity and cellular metabolism while also causing structural damage to the bacterial membrane. The material for water disinfection that is both effective and inexpensive has a lot of potential for future use. The ever-expanding applications and fields of medical research that require high precision, highly accurate reproducibility, disinfection, or even sterility of the finished product are just some of the new areas in which additive manufacturing technologies have found themselves. The purpose of this research is to critically examine how the most common additive manufacturing technologies and materials are sterilized and disinfected during the development of medical devices: material extrusion technology uses PLA, PETG, ABS, and HIPS for powder bed fusion technology MED610TM for PolyJetTM material jetting, standard FormlabsTM white resin for SLA technology, and selective laser sintering. Before and after various sterilization and disinfection procedures—treatment with 70% ethanol, chlorine solution, H2O2 plasma sterilization, autoclave sterilization, and dry heat sterilization—were used to test the materials, with 10 and 20 cycles being used in each case. As reference strains, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans were used in sterility and bacteriostatic/fungistatic tests.A549 cells were used to measure cytotoxicity. Different mechanical tests, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry revealed significant structural or aesthetic changes in the samples. During the experiment, no significant cytotoxic effect was observed. The majority of the materials utilized in 3D printing for medical and healthcare purposes can be sterilized and disinfected using our findings as a guide. Ginseng's most important phytochemicals and functional components are terpenoids like ginsenosides. Another common method for processing ginseng food is commercial sterilization at high temperature and pressure. However, it is unclear how fresh a ginseng sterilized for commercial use alters terpenoids. Fresh ginseng pulp was commercially sterilized for 30 minutes at 121°C in this study. Terpenoid compounds were analyzed using a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system for broadly targeted metabolomics. Many minor ginsenosides, such as Rh4, Rg6, Rk2, F4, Rs3, Rk3, Rk1, Rg5, Rg3, Rg4, were noticeably increased in fresh ginseng pulp following the commercial sterilization process. Importantly, fresh ginseng pulp also contained the ginsenoside ST3, as well as F4, Rg3, and Rg5.Ginseng food's species and quantity of ginsenosides will dramatically change after commercial sterilization at 121°C for 30 minutes.