Introduction

The synthesis of nanoparticles through green routes, particularly using plant extracts, has gained attention in recent years due to the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis methods. Herbal extracts contain bioactive compounds that can serve as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles. These green-synthesized nanoparticles have shown potential in different applications, including medicine, catalysis, electronics, and environmental remediation. The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts not only aligns with the principles of green chemistry but also offers several advantages over conventional methods. These advantages include costeffectiveness, scalability, reduced environmental impact, and the potential for tailoring nanoparticle properties by modifying the synthesis parameters. Moreover, the biocompatible nature of herbal extracts contributes to the biocompatibility of the resulting nanoparticles, rendering them suitable for biomedical and environ -mental applications. The focus of this study revolves around the electrochemical behavior and antibacterial attributes of nanoparticles synthesized via herbal-mediated routes. Electrochemical analysis plays a pivotal role in understanding the charge transfer kinetics, redox reactions, and electroactive surface area of nanoparticles, offering insights into their suitability for electrochemical applications. Such applications encompass energy storage systems like batteries and supercapacitors, as well as electro catalysis for fuel cells and sensors.

Electrochemical Analysis

The electrochemical properties of herbal-synthesized nanoparticles are of significant interest for their utilization in energy storage devices, biosensors, and electro catalysis. Techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry are employed to investigate the redox behavior, charge transfer kinetics, and electroactive surface area of these nanoparticles. The electrochemical performance of these nanoparticles, often influenced by their size, morphology, and surface properties, determines their applicability in various electrochemical systems. This electrochemical technique is widely used to characterize the redox behavior and electrochemical properties of nanoparticles. In the context of herbal-synthesized nanoparticles, CV involves sweeping the voltage applied to the nanoparticles between specific ranges, thereby inducing redox reactions. The resulting current response provides information on the electron transfer kinetics, redox potentials, and the electroactive surface area of the nanoparticles. Understanding these parameters is critical for optimizing their performance in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, by enhancing charge storage and transport capabilities.

EIS is a powerful technique that measures the impedance response of a system to an applied Alternating Current (AC) signal across a range of frequencies. It provides valuable information regarding the charge transfer resistance, interfacial properties, and conductivity of electrodes containing herbalsynthesized nanoparticles. EIS is instrumental in evaluating the performance and stability of electrochemical devices by analyzing their impedance spectra, aiding in the design and development of more efficient systems.

Antibacterial Activity

Another crucial aspect of herbal-synthesized nanoparticles is their antimicrobial potential. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of these nanoparticles against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, such as high surface area-to-volume ratio and enhanced reactivity, enable them to exhibit potent antibacterial properties. The interaction between nanoparticles and microbial cells disrupts cell membranes, induces oxidative stress, and inhibits bacterial growth, paving the way for potential applications in antibacterial coatings, wound healing, and biomedical devices. Herbal-synthesized nanoparticles exhibit unique physicochemical properties that contribute to their potent antibacterial activity. These nanoparticles often interact with bacterial cells through various mechanisms, disrupting cellular structures and functions. Nanoparticles can physically interact with bacterial cell membranes, leading to structural damage and increased permeability. This disruption compromises the integrity of the membrane, causing leakage of cellular contents and eventual cell death. . The synthesis of nanoparticles through herbal-mediated approaches offers a sustainable and versatile platform for the production of functional nanomaterials. The integration of electrochemical analysis and antibacterial studies enhances our comprehension of their diverse applications, ranging from advanced electrochemical devices to innovative biomedical solutions.