Keywords

Artificial reservoirs; Small reservoirs; Pond; Recreation; Water management complex; Industrial fishery; Species biodiversity; Investment attractiveness

Introduction

The system of hydraulic structures is a priority component of the water management complex, designed to regulate the flow of rivers, reduce maximum floods and protect territories from flooding. The objects of the system include both the hydraulic structures themselves and the water bodies they transform (rivers and artificially created reservoirs) [1].

The central component of the water-retaining hydraulic engineering structure is considered to be an artificial reservoir, thanks to which the regulation of water resources is realized. An artificially created reservoir allows accumulating water reserves in periods when the inflow exceeds consumption, and is used in cases when water consumption exceeds its inflow. At the same time, it is possible to use an artificial reservoir in order to reduce the maximum outflows of floods and floods in the part of the river located below [1].

Artificial reservoirs are divided into reservoirs and ponds. In turn, reservoirs consider artificially created reservoirs with a total volume of more than 1 million m³ [1]. Artificial reservoirs with a volume of less than 10 million m³ and a mirror area of less than 2 km² are classified as small reservoirs [1].

The water management complex of the Saratov region is represented by structures: 3045 ponds and reservoirs, 153 engineering protective structures, hydrotechnical structures of wastewater storage tanks, water intake, spillway and treatment facilities, and 4 systems of inter-basin redistribution of river flow [2]. On the territory of the region in total there are 184 reservoirs with volumes of more than 1 million m³, including: 150 reservoirs with a capacity of 1 to 5 million m³; 20 reservoirs with a capacity of 5 to 10 million m³; 7 reservoirs with a capacity of 10 to 20 million m³; 7 reservoirs with a capacity of more than 20 million m³ [3].

There are more than 7000 reservoirs of different genesis and a size of more than 0.05 hectares [3], including more than 250 lakes with an area of more than 0.01 km² and a number of lakes of a smaller size (according to the Institute of Lake Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in the Saratov Region (Table 1). Artificially created reservoirs, in turn, are much more natural, the largest of them are the Saratov and Volgograd reservoirs on the river, The Volga [4].

Table 1: Reservoirs of the Saratov region (including artificial origin) by gradation of areas.

Methods

The area and amount of natural and artificial water bodies are not constant and directly depend on natural and anthropogenic factors. For example, the size and location of artificial reservoirs are determined by the features of the relief and structure of the hydrographic network, the conditions of their creation (the dam, built in any part of the stream, from its height, forms reservoirs of different capacities) [1]. The relationship between the size of water bodies and their location in the hydrographic network is also established. The size and location of artificially created reservoirs depend on the requirements of different sectors of the economy for the quality, quantity and timing of water supply. All artificial reservoirs are formed into objects of integrated use with priority use of water resources by any single branch of the economy [1].

Most of the small reservoirs and ponds are gradually surrounded by residential areas with modern buildings and landscaping and changing their economic use is preferable due to the achievement of fishery and recreational purposes.

Prospects for the development of fish farming in adapted ponds in individual and farming enterprises with the receipt of commercial fish of a large scale in the Saratov region have been established by the Concept of the Development of the Fisheries of the Russian Federation for the Period to 2020 [5-9]. According to it, the economy of the country plays an important role as a supplier of food, fodder and technical products, such as fish meal and fat, fodder for fur farming, agar-agar, and various biologically active substances. In the total balance of animal protein consumption, the share of fish proteins is about 10%, and in the meat-and-fish balance - about 25% [10].

The reservoirs of the Saratov region are inhabited by 68 species of fish. A significant variety of species composition is characteristic of the Volgograd and Saratov reservoirs [3].

According to the Saratov branch of the FGBNU "GosNIORH", the industrial use of reservoirs in the Saratov Volga region is characterized by unevenness; intensive development of reservoirs of the Trans-Volga region was observed from 2000 to 2011. The industrial catch of fish in 2011 was 406.7 tons, which is 8 times more than in 2000 (50 tons). Significantly increased and amateur fishing, reaching 55.6 tons. The development of the total allowable catch of aquatic biological resources was 68%, which is higher than the level of previous years. The specialists explain the results achieved by streamlining the fishery and monitoring the use of quotas [11]. The area of reservoirs of the Saratov Zavolzhye, in which potentially commercial fishing is possible in 2017, is 36 thousand hectares. The value of the total predicted catch in 2017 can be determined in 650 tons of fish; incl. the total allowable catch of aquatic biological resources is 214 tons [11].

The options for using the fund of small reservoirs and ponds include:

• Integrated use of water-coastal lands, in other words, the cumulative cultivation of commercial fish, waterfowl and plants;

• Paid recreational fishing.

Results

Directly the practice of pond fish farming in the Saratov region is realized through two economic systems: a full-system (full cycle of fish farming) and a non-complete system (growing or fish planting material or commercial fish), the formation of which directly depends on the amount of capital investments.

According to the operative data of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Saratov region, 691 pounds with an area of 7.3 thousand hectares are used for the production of aquaculture; more than 290 farms of all forms of ownership are engaged in commodity fish farming. FGBNU GosNIORKh, FGUP Teplovsky Rykopitomnik and Engels Fish Hatchery, which operate 73 ponds with an area of 136.7 hectares, specialize in the production of fish planting material on the territory of the region [12].

The Federal Fishery Agency announced information: in 2016, Saratov enterprises produced 5,025 tons of commercial fish, 2% more than in 2015, 144 tons of fish planting material (1.9 thousand tons of pond fish accounted for by the farms of the Right Bank). The positive dynamics of the volumes of commercial fish and fish-planting material is explained by the involvement in the turnover of unused pond areas, the improvement of the account of pond farms, the implementation of support measures for beginning farmers and the development of family livestock farms [13].

The choice of alternative options for the development of farms is based on indicators of the economic efficiency of creating infrastructure for paid recreational fish farming (carp, trout). Most often, paid recreational fish farming is an incomplete system of farming type. Planned calculations of investment attractiveness were applied to the farm, which includes three ponds in the territory of the city of Saratov (reservoirs of UNOC "Agro center" in Saratov) (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Map-scheme of water reservoirs placement in the territory of UNOC "Agrocenter".

The main morphometric parameters characterizing the reservoirs were determined by us according to plans by the mapping method, refined by field measurements and depth measurements are presented in (Table 2).

Table 2: Basic morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the ponds of the UNOC "Agrocenter".

Discussion

Investment funds amounted to 1806,200 rubles, including the cost of pontoons, tools and tools, a modular prefabricated building, a car. Using the classical method of calculation (Methodological recommendations for the evaluation of the efficiency of investment projects approved by the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Building, Architectural and Housing Policy of 21.06.1999 No. VK 477), the payback period was 3 years and the profitability index 1.81, which in turn confirms the approval of the effectiveness of the development of paid recreational fish farming (carp, trout) within the farm [14,15].

Conclusion

At the same time, recreational fish farming directly depends on the good condition of the entire complex of structures on ponds and small reservoirs. It should be taken into account that some of the waterworks of these reservoirs do not have a service operation; they have not been repaired for decades. Some of the dams are in a dangerous state and require major overhaul of dams and spillways. Accordingly, the formation of the economic system of fish farming will partially remove the issues of ensuring the proper operation of the fund of small reservoirs and ponds.

References

1. Maximovich NG, Pyankov SV (2012) Small reservoirs: ecology and safety: monograph. Perm State National Research University pp: 256.
2. Collection of legislation of the Saratov region (2012) https://g-64.ru/pdf/12/Sb-zak_36-12_2.pdf
3. Lakes of the Saratov region https://www.limno.org.ru/win/lakerus/srt_03.htm
4. "Water of Russia" - Saratov region https://water-rf.ru
5. Abdrazakov FK, Sokolov VV, Gordienko VV, Pomorova AV, Tkachev AA (2015) Investment design in the field of environmental engineering. Modern Technologies in Construction, Thermal Supply and Energy Security, Saratov.
6. Abdrazakov FK, Pomorova AV, Tkachev AA, Nosenko AV (2016) Adaptation of the fund of small reservoirs and ponds to modern conditions of agricultural production. Int Sci Res J 1-3: 6-7.
7. Abdrazakov FK, Tkachev AA, Pomorova AV (2015) Economic justification of investment projects of construction, reconstruction or capital repair of objects of nature management. Agric Res Magazine 5: 65-68.
8. Abdrazakov FK, Tkachev AA, Pomorova AV, Sirota VT (2016) Analysis and evaluation of the feasibility of investment projects for agricultural nature management. Agric Res Magazine 2: 37-40.
9. Abdrazakov FK, Tkachev AA, Pomorova AV, Zaigraev YA (2016) Activities for the development of irrigation and drainage system composed APK. Studies in construction, heat and energy supply, Saratov pp: 8-13.
10. Concept of the development of fisheries in the Russian Federation for the period until 2020 (2003) Government of the Russian Federation pp: 1-16.
11. Materials justifying the total allowable catch of aquatic biological resources in the Volgograd Reservoir and small reservoirs of the left bank (Zavolzhye) of the Saratov Region for 2017. https://mail.niorh.ru/download.pub/ODU/2017/ODU_Saratov1_2017.pdf
12. In the fish farms of the Saratov region there is a massive catch of cultivated aquaculture https://tsuren.ru/news
13. The Volga region hopes to invest in pond fish farming (2017) Federal Agency for Fisheries. https://fish.gov.ru/press-tsentr/obzor-smi
14. Methodical recommendations on evaluation of investment projects efficiency (2^nd edition) https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200005634
15. Krasnoshchekov VN, Olgarenko DG (2015) The technique of an estimation of economic efficiency of reconstruction of reclamation systems taking into account technical condition of hydrotechnical objects, the probabilistic character of changes of climatic conditions, economic, environmental and social conditions for the functioning of the reclaimed agricultural lands, environmental values of natural ecosystems, degree of erosion, the structure of natural landscapes and damage to human health, Kolomna, Russia.