Keywords

Aloe-vera, Bio pesticide, Foliar spray, Growth promoter

Introduction

In spite of the economic importance of vegetable crops, production and yield continues to decline due to climatic, pest and disease infestation [1]. Aphids and whiteflies are some of the major insect pests attacking fruit and leafy vegetable crops grown in the nursery and main fields [2,3,4]. Adults and nymphs of these pests suck the sap from tender leaves, growing shoots, flowers and fruits which leads to loss in plant vigour, stunted growth and ultimately yield [5]. In the tropics, eggplant production is severely constrained by several insect pests. The major pests include eggplant fruit and shoot borer (Daraba laisalis; Leucinodes orbonalis), wireworms (Elateridae spp), leafhopper (Cicadellidae spp), whitefly (Aleyrodidae spp), thrip (Thysanoptera spp ), green peach aphids (Myzus persicae), flea beetles (Chrysomelidae spp), leaf roller (Eublemma olivacea Wlk ), stem borer, (Euzophera villosa), red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.), and little leaf disease accounting for 20-92% loss in crop yield [2,5-7]. In order to control these pests, generally farmers use synthetic chemical pesticides to reduce pest incidence in the absence of alternatives and their use has been of great importance in pest management for many years. In order to achieve effective control, farmers use double and triple applications due to the pests becoming tolerant to the insecticides [8-11]. Farmers in certain areas of Philippines spray chemical insecticides up to 56 times during a cropping season [12]. Such excessive and prolonged use of pesticides has affected negatively the earth’s ozone layer [13]. In addition, many synthetic chemical pesticides leave unwanted residues in food, ground water and the environment that are hazardous to man [14]. Indiscriminate use of pesticides is also causing health problems for farmers, as research findings have revealed that farmers spraying pesticides often suffer from heart and skin diseases, while cattle and goats are affected by consuming pesticide affected grasses [15]. Many chemical pesticides are suspected carcinogens and low doses of many of these insecticides and fungicides are toxic to mammals. Moreover, due to indiscriminate and prolonged use of chemical pesticides, some pests have developed resistance to some insecticides at several locations. This has also caused the reduction of beneficial species and non target organisms leading to undesirable changes in the biodiversity of micro fauna and outbreaks of secondary pests that are normally controlled by natural enemies [16-18]. There is therefore an urgent need to search for less hazardous alternatives to conventional synthetic chemical pesticides [19].

The search for viable alternatives to chemical pesticides, has led to the use of natural products from such plants as microbial antagonists to control pests and diseases. Many plants produce secondary metabolites which are chemical constituents that are not particularly active in the metabolic activities of the plants. They include glycosides, alkaloids and terpenoids, phenolics and amino acids, proteins and enzymes, mucilage and gums, tannins, essential oils, and pectins [20]. Many of these compounds have been confirmed to act as bio-pesticides specifically as ovicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides and anti-feedants, antivirals and antibacterials, pest repellents, insect growth regulators with toxicity to mites and other agricultural pests [21-23]. These secondary compounds have been a part of the plant’s defence mechanisms against plant feeding insects and other herbivores. Botanicals degrade more rapidly than most chemical pesticides and are therefore considered environmentally friendly and less likely to cause harm to humans and animals than synthetic chemical pesticides with longer environmental retention. Bio-pesticides are eco-friendly, economic, target specific and biodegradable and offer effective alternatives for the control of many insect pests and diseases [24-26]. Botanical extracts have broad spectrum use in pest control and they are safe to apply, unique in action and can easily be processed [27]. Global interest in plants as sources of natural pesticide and medicine is gaining prominence due to their environmental and user-friendliness and they are cheap to grow [28-30]. They can therefore be exploited either as powder or as crude extract in water or other organic solvents [31,32]. The challenge is to develop a formulation and application method that can be implemented easily by rural farmers as well as on a commercial scale that is effective, reliable, consistent and economically feasible. Bio-pesticides can also be used primarily as prophylactics, so they may not perform as quickly as some synthetic chemical pesticides; however, they are generally less toxic to the user and non-target organisms, making them desirable and sustainable tools for pests and disease management [33]. Among the most widely used botanicals are Neem (Azadiracta indica) [34], Aloe vera [35], Garlic (Allium sativum L.), [36] and Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Others are Goosefoot (Chenopodium album L) [37]; and Glory Lily (Gloriosa superb) [38], etc. The choice of Aloe vera as a potential preventative bio-pesticide and growth enhancer is because of its reported efficacy against disease pathogens and pests in addition to its growth promoting properties [39]. The antiseptic and growth stimulant properties of Aloe vera are due to the presence of six antiseptic agents namely lupeol, salicylic acid, urea nitrogen, cinnamonic acid, phenols and sulphur. These compounds have inhibitory actions on fungi, bacteria, viruses and yeasts [18,40-44]. In addition, Aloe vera’s large leaf parenchyma cells contain a yellow latex and clear gel [45-47], which is rich in essential amino acids, mono- and polysaccharides, lignin, macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, gibberellins and salicylic acid [48,49]. Other important phytochemical constituents of Aloe vera have been reported (Table 1) to include high content of phenolic compounds, glycosides (aloins), 1, 8 dihydroxyanthraquinones (aloe emodin), β- 1,4 acetylated mannan, mannose phosphate, and alprogengluco protein [50]. Aloin A (hydroxyanthrone glycoside) is the major constituent of A. vera [51] with smaller amounts of its C-10 epimer, aloin B. Aloin A has numerous biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal [52]; antibacterial, anti-oxidant, cytotoxic drug against ovarian tumour cell lines. The leaf exudate and gel of Aloe vera also possess antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, cryoprotective, immune modulatory [53] and insecticidal activities [31]. A summary of the chemical composition of Aloe vera leaf pulp and gel has been compiled and provided [54,55] in their informative review in a tabular format and is presented below for easy reference.

Table 1. Summary of the chemical composition of A. vera leaf pulp and exudates

It is for these reasons therefore that this exploratory study was conducted to investigate its efficacy as an all-in-one bio-pesticide and growth promoter as well as determine its effects on the growth of eggplant seedlings in the nursery where early damage results in stunted growth and development and ultimately low yields.

This experiment was conducted to:

1. Assess the effect of Aloe vera extract as foliar spray in the control of insects on the leaves of eggplant seedlings

2. Evaluate the effect of Aloe vera extract as foliar spray on growth and development of eggplant seedlings.

Material and Methods

This study was carried out in the Plant Science and Biotechnology Department of the Rivers State University, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Preparation of Aloe Vera Extract

Preparation of the Aloe vera extract was kept simple to ensure that rural farmers can prepare it easily. Four kilogram of freshly harvested Aloe vera leaves was weighed and washed under a running tap. The weighed leaves were chopped into bits with a clean knife and soaked in 4 litres of water for 72 hours in a plastic basin. At the end of the 72 hours, the extract was obtained by filtering using a piece of regular 2 mm sieve. Half the quantity of this leaf extract was used directly as 100 percent concentration, while the other half was further diluted by the addition of an equal amount of water to reduce it to 50 percent concentration.

Experimental Design and Treatment Applications

The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Seeds of mature eggplant were extracted by squashing 2 fruits stored for 6 days to soften. Extracted seeds were washed under running tap to remove debris. Clean seeds were germinated by sowing in a perforated plastic seed tray containing top soil in the department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Rivers State University screen house. After germination the seedlings were raised in the screen house nursery for 3 weeks. At 3 weeks, seedlings of eggplant were transplanted into 5 kg capacity perforated polythene bags containing 1.5 kg of top soil at a rate of one seedling per bag. All seedlings transplanted had 2 leaves with an average height of 6 cm. The polythene bags were placed in the experimental plot of the department. A week after the establishment of the eggplant seedlings in the perforated bags, treatments were applied as follows: Control (water), 50% Aloe vera extract and 100% Aloe vera extract were applied as foliar spray once a week for 6 weeks.

Data Collection and Statistical Analyses

The following data were collected: plant height, number of leaves per plant and the number of insect holes (feeding punctures) per leaf. Visual observation was also made of any disease symptoms or discolouration of leaves. All data were analysed by analysis of variance at 5% level of significance. Where significant differences were observed, means were separated using the Least Significance Difference (LSD) at P=0.5.

Result and Discussion

The effect of Aloe vera extract foliar spray on plant height is shown in Figure 1. Eggplant seedlings sprayed with 100% and 50% Aloe vera extract were significantly (P=.05) taller than those sprayed with water (control) at 6 weeks after transplanting. The increase in the height of plants treated with Aloe vera was the result of accelerated growth. The accelerated increase in plant height by seedlings sprayed with Aloe vera extract could be due to the action of Aloe vera as a botanical activator and plant growth promoter improving overall plant health including its immune defenses. This includes its ability to suppress pathogenic bacteria and fungi and insect pests thereby enabling the plant to enhance its growth and size (USA Patent application publication, 2008 Pub. No.: US 2008/0125320 A1). It has been observed [37] that plant growth due to Aloe vera extract treatment owing to its organic nature, remained invariably higher than in non-treated crops of Canola Brassica napus. The extract isolated from Aloe vera leaves was reported [61] to have increased plant height and weight, number of shoots, leaves and roots, and the root length, as well as mineral concentrations of Populus clones. Other studies have shown that Aloe leaf extract improved the vegetative growth of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Basil - Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) [48,62,63].

Figure 1: Effect of Aloe vera extract foliar spray on plant height of Eggplant seedlings

The effect of Aloe vera extract foliar spray on the number of leaves of eggplant seedlings at the vegetative stage taken over 6 weeks is presented (Figure 2). After 6 weeks of Aloe vera extract treatment the results showed that eggplant seedlings sprayed with 100% Aloe vera extract had significantly (P=.05) higher number of leaves than those sprayed with 50% extract and water (control). There was however no significant difference in the number of leaves of seedlings sprayed with 50% extract of Aloe vera and the control. Aloe vera has been reported to have growth promoting effects on plants [37] and is even used as a bio-stimulant at certain concentrations. It was found [64] that Aloe vera extract especially at high concentration (40 ml/L) significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, yield and essential oil percentage as well as enhancement of the leaf anatomical structure of Sage (Salvia officinales L). In this study, the growth promoting effect of Aloe vera was manifest at both concentrations of 50% and 100% for plant height, but for leaf growth was only demonstrated at 100% concentration meaning that the efficacy of its full growth promoting effect was at the 100% concentration of Aloe vera extract.

Figure 2: Effect of Aloe vera extract foliar spray on number of leaves of Eggplant seedlings

In Figure 3 number of insect holes on the leaves of eggplant seedlings (Figure 4) treated with 50% and 100% Aloe vera extract foliar spray were significantly less (P=.05) than those of the control indicating that the Aloe vera extract had prevented and reduced insect feeding on the leaves of eggplant seedlings. Aloe vera has been reported [37] to be effective in controlling insect pests of canola Brassica napus resulting in the least aphid’s damage and enhanced yields. Previous study showed [35] that Aloe vera extract exhibited contact action, repellent, fumigant, and oviposition inhibition property in the control of carmine spider mite. It has also been stated [65] that one of the major metabolites in Aloe vera, aloin A, exhibited insect pest contact toxicity and strong repellent activity. They further noted that the level of repellent activity and toxicity of Aloe vera varies with geographical location, plant parts, major metabolite, concentration and exposure time while recommending further studies for its development as an effective bio-repellent.

Figure 3: Effect of Aloe vera foliar spray on number of insect holes on leaves of Eggplant

Figure 4: Effect of Aloe vera extract foliar spray on eggplant seedlings six weeks after transplanting

Conclusion

Eggplant (Solanum melongena, L.) is an economically important fruit vegetable that is attacked and damaged severely in the nursery and field by insect pests and diseases. The use of synthetic pesticides in control of disease and insect pests of the eggplant is responsible for extensive pollution of the environment, a serious health hazard due to the presence of their residues in food, development of resistance in targeted insect pest populations, a decrease in biodiversity, and outbreaks of secondary pests that are normally controlled by natural enemies. Biopesticides, in contrast, are inherently less toxic to humans and the environment, do not leave harmful residues, and are usually more specific to target pests.

In this study the reduced number of holes caused by insects on leaves of eggplants treated with 50% and 100% of Aloe vera foliar spray suggests its effectiveness as a bio-pesticide. In addition, the increase in height and number of leaves of the eggplants treated with 100% Aloe vera also showed that it could be used as a growth promoter. It is recommended that further research should be done on the use of Aloe vera extract as a one-stop bio-pesticide on crops.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the field staff of the department of Plant Science and Biotechnology for their support during the course of the study.

Competing Interests

Author has declared that no conflict of interests exists.

Author's Contributions

Author designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote ‘and read the manuscript.”

References

1. Degri MM. Bio–efficacy of Aqueous Plant Extracts and Cyperdicot on Insect Pests Infestation, Growth and Yield of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in the Dry Savanna of Nigeria. J Sci Res,2013,1:12-16.
2. AVRDC. Progress report of 1985 Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Shuahua, Taiwan. 1985:144.
3. Singh YP, Singh PP. Pest complex of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and their succession at medium-high altitude hills. J Entomol, 2002,64:335-342.
4. Degri MM, Yoriyo KP. Efficacy of three plant extracts for the control of aphids (Aphis gossypii Glov) (Homoptera; Aphididae) on sweet peppers (Capsicum annum, L.) (Solanaceae) in Nigeria Sudan Savanna. Int J Food Agri Res, 2010,7(1):256 -262.
5. Butani D K, S Verma. Insect pests of vegetables and their control. 3. Lady's finger. Pesticides (1976).
6. Daebeler F. Studies on the susceptibility of various varieties of rape to the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae(L.), and on the harmfulness of the aphid to winter rape. Archiv fur Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, 1981,17(2): 115-125.
7. Degri MM. The effect of spacing of eggplant (Solanum melongena, L.) (Solanaceae) on Shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guen.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infestation in the dry Savanna zone of Nigeria. Agri Biol J North Am, 2014,5: 10-14.
8. Ali MI. Circumstantial evidence supports insect resistance in Bangladesh. Resistance Pest Management. 1994,6:15.
9. Stoll G. Natural Crop Protection in the Tropics: Letting Information Come to Life. 2nd Edition. Germany: Margraf-Verlag, Weikersheim, 2000.
10. Alam SN, Rashid MA, Rouf FMA, Jhala RC, Patelm JR, et al. Development of an Integrated Pest Management Strategy for Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer in South Asia. AVRDC- The World Vegetable Centre, Shanhua, Taiwan. Tech Bulle, 2003,28(3): 548-556.
11. Sarwar M, Ahmad N, Tofique M. Impact of Soil Potassium on Population Buildup of Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Crop Yield in Canola (Brassica napusL.) Field. Pakistan J Zool, 2011,43(1): 15-19.
12. Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Cardinali DP. Jet lag: therapeutic use of melatonin and possible application of melatonin analogs. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2008,6(2): 17-28.
13. Singh G, Sharma RK. Alternatives to phosphine fumigation of stored grains: The Indian perspective. Himachal J Agri Res, 2015,41: 104-113.
14. Sharma K, Meshram NM. Bioactivity of essential oils from Acorus calamus and Syzygium aromaticum against Sitophilus oryzae(L.) in stored wheat. Biopest Int, 2006,2: 144–152.
15. Alam S, Karim AN, Nurullah CM. Insecticide use on rice in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Agri Res, 1981,6: 37-50.
16. McCloskey C, Arnason JT, Donskov N, Chenier R, Kaminski J, et al. Third trophic level effects of Azadirachtin. Can Entomol, 1993,125: 163-165.
17. Mishra J, Tewan S, Singh S, Arora KN. Biopesticide-based IPM systems to reduce synthetic pesticide residues in vegetables for niche market access by small holder growers. Biopesticides, 2015:37-75.
18. Srijita D. Biopesticides: an eco-friendly approach for pest control. World J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2015,4 (6): 250-265.
19. Nderitu J, Mwangi F, Nyamasyo G, Kasina M. Evaluation of cropping systems as a strategy for managing snap bean flower thrips in Kenya. Int J Sustain Crop Prod, 2009,4(6): 22-25.
20. Sirikantaramas S, Yamazaki M, Saito K, Mechanisms of resistance to self produced toxic secondary metabolites in plants. Phytochem Rev, 2008,7(3): 467-477.
21. Prakash A, Rao J. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. USA: CRC Press Inc, 1997.
22. Isman MB, Akhtar Y. Plant Natural Products as a Source for Developing Environmentally Acceptable Insecticides. In: Shaaya I, Nauen R, Horowitz AR. (ed). Insecticides Design Using Advanced Technologies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007, pp. 235-248.
23. Bakavathiappan GA, Baskaran S, Pavaraj MS, Jeyaparvathi BC. Effect of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Spodoptera litura (Fab.). J Biopest, 2012: Supp:135-138.
24. Kaya HK, Lacey LA. Introduction to microbial control. In: Lacey LA, Kaya HK. (ed) Field Manual of Techniques in invertebrate pathology- Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests. Springer: The Netherlands. 2007, 3-7.
25. Pedro Barbosa. Microbial mediation of plant insect interaction. IPM of Midwest landscapes: Wiley, 2007.
26. Aetiba JPN, Osekre EA. Field evaluation of Levo Botanical insecticide for the management of insect pest of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Am J Exp Agri, 2015,8(1): 61-67.
27. Azad MAK, Yesmin M, Islam MS. Effect of Botanical Extract on Pest Control in Brinjal Field. J Environ Sci Natu Res, 2012, 5(2): 173-176.
28. Khalid S, Shad RA. Potential advantage of recent allelochemical discoveries and agro ecosystems. Prog Farm, 2002,11: 30–35.
29. Amoabeng BW, Gurr GM, Gitau CW, Nicol HI, Munyakazi L, et al. Tri-trophic insecticidal effects of African plants against cabbage pests. PLoS ONE, 2013,8(11): 1-10.
30. Amoabeng BW, Gurr GM, Gitau CW, Stevenson PC. Cost: benefit analysis of botanical insecticide use in cabbage: implications for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Crop Prot, 2014,57: 71-79.
31. Morsy TA, El-Ela RGA, Nasser MMI, Khalaf SAA, Mazyad SAM. Evaluation of the in- vitro pediculicidal action of four known insecticides and three medicinal plant extracts. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 2000,30: 699-708.
32. Wei J, Ding W, Zhao YG, Patcharaporn V. Acaricidal activity of Aloe vera L. leaf extracts against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), (Acarina: Tetrany- chidae). J Asia Pac Entomol, 2011,14: 353-356.
33. Kaithwasa G, Singh BP, Bhatia D. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis, Miller) gel. Drug Chem Toxicol, 2014,37(2): 135-143.
34. Oshomah MS, Degri MM. Comparing efficacy of selected biopesticides and Lambdacot 500EC for controlling leaf-rollers in eggplant (Solanum melongena, L.). Arch Agri Environ Sci, 2016,1(1): 9-12.
35. Zhang Q, Ding L, Li M, Cui W, Ding W, et al. Action modes of Aloe vera, L. extracts against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Agri Sci, 2013,4(3): 117-122.
36. Milad SMN, Ali RM. Effect of Some Natural Extracts on Growth and Chemical Constituents of Scheffleraar boricola Plants. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants, 2012,4 (1): 26-33.
37. Sawar M. The Inhibitory Properties of Organic Pest Control Agents against Aphid (Aphididae: Homoptera) on Canola Brassica napus, L. (Brassicaceae) Under Field Environment. Int J Sci Res Environ Sci, 2013,1(8): 195-201.
38. Zahir A, Rahuman A, Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Elango G, et al. Laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts for parasites control. Parasitol Res, 2009,105(2): 453-461.
39. Balasubramanian J, Narayanan N. Aloe Vera: nature’s gift. Species, 2013,11–13.
40. Agarry OO, Olaleye MT, Bello-Michael CO. Comparative Antimicrobial Activities of Aloe vera Gel and Leaf. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005,4(12): 1413-1414.
41. Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin. Biomed Res Int, 2014,2014: 12.
42. Qian Y, Yaoa J, Russelc M, Chena K, Wangd X. Characterization of green synthesized nano-formulation (ZnO–A. vera) and their antibacterial activity against pathogens. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2015,39(2): 736–746.
43. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, Ikram S. A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise. J Adv Res, 2016,7(1): 17–28.
44. Anjum S, Gupta A, Sharma D, Gautam D, Bhan S, et al. Development of novel wound care systems based on nano silver nano hydrogels of polymethacrylic acid with Aloe vera and curcumin. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016,64: 157-166.
45. Grindlay D. Reynolds T. The aloe vera phenomenon: a review of the properties and modern uses of the leaf parenchyma gel. J Ethnopharmacol, 1986,16: 117–151.
46. Ni Y, Turner D, Yates KM, Tizard I. Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe veraL. Leaf pulp. Int Immunopharmacol, 2004,4: 1745–1755.
47. Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008:53:163-166.
48. Hamouda AMA, Hendi DMG, Abu-El-Leel OFA. Improving basil growth, yield and oil production by Aloe vera extract and active dry yeast. Egypt J Hort, 2012,39: 45-71.
49. Sahu KP, Giri DD, Singh R, Pandey P, Gupta S, et al. Effect of Aloe vera on some annual. Plants Sci Res Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 2013,4: 599-610.
50. Sharma R. An overview of future prospect of Aloe vera gel as nano drug carrier. In: Shukla JP. (ed)Technologies for sustainable rural development having potential of socioeconomic upliftment. New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 2014: 73-179.
51. Yadav V. Medical significance of active bio chemicals isolated from Aloe vera. Journal of Biological and Chemical Research, 2015, pp. 927-933.
52. Renuka R, Nancy D, Anandkumar SG, Reyaz AL, Sathya K, et al. Assessment of antibiotic, antioxidant activity and aloin content in Aloe barbadensis, Miller gel extract. J Pharm Res, 2012,5 (2): 481–484.
53. Patel DK, Patel K, Dhanabal SP. Phytochemical standardization of Aloe vera extract by HPTLC techniques. J Acute Dis, 2012,1: 47-50.
54. Hamman JH. Composition and application of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules, 2008, 13, 1599-1616.
55. Sharrif Moghaddasi M, S K Verma. Aloe vera their chemicals composition and applications: A review. Int J Biol Med Res, 2011,2(1):  466-471
56. Ni Y, Tizard IR. Analytical methodology: the gel-analysis of aloe pulp and its derivatives. In: Reynolds T (ed). Aloes The Genus Aloe. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004, pp. 111-126.
57. Dagne E, Bisrat D, Viljoen A, Van Wyk, B-E. Chemistry of Aloe species. Curr Org Chem, 2000,4: 1055-1078.
58. F. Alan Andersen. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of Aloe andongensis extract, Aloe andongensis leaf juice, Aloe arborescens leaf extract, Aloe arborescens leaf juice, Aloe arborescens leaf protoplasts, Aloe barbadensis flower extract, Aloe barbadensis leaf, Aloe barbadensis leaf extract, Aloe barbadensis leaf juice, Aloe barbadensis leaf polysaccharides, Aloe barbadensis leaf water, Aloe ferox leaf extract, Aloe ferox leaf juice and Aloe ferox leaf juice extract. Int J Toxicol. 2007,6: 1-50.
59. Femenia A, Sanchez ES, Simal S, Rosello C. Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues. Carbohydr Polym, 1999,39: 109-117.
60. Choi S, Chung MH. A review on the relationship between Aloe vera components and their biologic effects. Semin Integr Med, 2003,1: 53-62
61. Fadia ES. Aloe vera Leaf Extract as a Potential Growth Enhancer for Populus Trees Grown Under in vitro Conditions. Am J Plant Biol, 2017,2(4): 101-105.
62. Padmaja CK, Kowsalya B, Seethalakshmi C. Efficacy of Aloe vera leaf powder as biostimulant in enhancing the growth and yield of Lady's Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Research on Crops, 2007,8: 395-397
63. Ahmed SK, Hammam KHA, Amer AA. Effect of biofertilization and some plant extracts on the growth, yield and chemical constituents of basil plants. J Plant Production, 2014,5: 193-210.
64. Abbas MTM, Zaglool MA, El-Ghadban EAE. Abd El-Kareem SHE, Waly AA. Effect of Foliar Application with Aloe Leaf Extract (ALE) on Vegetative Growth, Oil percentage and Anatomical leaf Structure of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Plant under Sand soil Conditions. Hortsci J Suez Canal Univ, 2016,5(1): 9-14.
65. Mallavadhani UV, Rajendra Prasad B, Lakshmi Soujanya P, Babu Rao M, Ratanlal M. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f: A highly useful Indian traditional plant for the management of maize storage pest, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera curculionidae). J Biopest, 2016,9(2): 157-166.