Description

The use of mechanical ventilation and pulmonary immaturity have stunted the reduction in short- and long-term morbidities among infants at the borderline of viability (22-24 weeks of gestation), despite improvements in survival rates over the past few decades. The use of an artificial womb or artificial placenta to maintain fluid-filled lungs and preserve native fetal physiology has long been thought to improve outcomes for these infants. As a result, numerous institutions are working to develop this technology, bringing clinical trials for neonatology within reach. The moral status of these patients and the term used to describe them, whether neonate, fetus, or something else entirely, should be considered and discussed prior to use in humans. These decisions will determine when the technology should be used and when it should be withheld, as well as how to assign parental rights to these patients and their legal status. Premature birth is associated with significant mortality and morbidity despite significant advancements in the treatment of the condition. Restoring fetal physiology through the use of an extracorporeal VV-ECLS Artificial Placenta (AP) or AV-ECLS Artificial Womb (AW) represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of prematurity. In the laboratory, significant advancements have been made over the past 15 years to demonstrate long-term support, organ protection, and on-going development. Miniaturization, anticoagulation, clinical risk stratification, specialized critical care protocols, a regulatory path, and a strategy and platform to bring technology to the bedside are the major clinical application milestones. Currently, a number of groups are working on the remaining clinical translation milestones. In developed nations, extreme prematurity continues to be the leading cause of pediatric mortality and morbidity. Since the extreme premature infant is physiologically still a fetus, the majority of the current supportive measures in our neonatal intensive care units are non-physiologic. A pumpless arteriovenous extracorporeal oxygenator circuit, a sterile fluid environment, and vascular access via umbilical arterial and venous vessels are the primary components of EXTEND. Premature fetal lambs can grow and develop normally for up to four weeks if supported on the EXTEND system.

Artificial Womb

The physiology of the fetus is maintained, and an in-depth analysis of the organ systems supports normal development. Ethical considerations regarding EXTEND, anticipated clinical applications of this potentially paradigm-shifting technology, and the pathway for human translation are all covered in this article. The focus of this chapter is on the role flavour play in the adaptive responsiveness of humans and other perinatal mammals. In particular, the mechanisms by which flavour experience in the amniotic environment prepares more or less selective responsiveness in the postnatal flavour environment, particularly in the context of milk and colostrum consumption, as well as its effects on later acceptance of no milk foods will be addressed. Even though the majority of the research was done on humans, there will be some instances where comparative findings will be mentioned to show how widespread the chemosensory phenomena that are involved in the expression of adaptive responses during the early stages of life in mammals are. The clinical problem of extreme prematurity remains a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity. The creation of an artificial womb-an extra uterine system that replicates the intrauterine environment-could significantly increase survival rates and decrease morbidity by facilitating the fetus’s on-going organ maturation and growth. While previous efforts to create such a system have demonstrated the capability to support the isolated fetus for brief periods, they have not achieved the long-term stability necessary for clinical use. Here we portray our underlying trials showing the steady help of fetal sheep formatively comparable to the super untimely new-born child for as long as about a month with stable hemodynamics, development, and improvement.

The management and clinical outcome of the extreme premature infant could be fundamentally altered if the fetus is provided with long-term physiologic support through an extra uterine system. Hippocrates credited ladies' high emotionality - craziness - to a 'meandering belly'. Recent research suggests that elevated levels of oxytocin are present in both bipolar disorder and endometriosis, a gynecological condition characterized by the migration of endometrial tissue beyond the uterus. Despite the fact that the idea that displaced wombs because emotional disturbance and the diagnosis of hysteria were both dropped, elevated levels of oxytocin have been linked to both conditions. The hypothesis that both endometriosis and bipolar disorder are exacerbated by elevated oxytocinergic system activity is tested and proposed. After providing pertinent background on bipolar disorder and endometriosis, we investigate evidence of comorbidity between the two conditions. Together, the bipolar spectrum and endometriosis seem to involve deregulated high extremes of normally adaptive pleiotropic in the female oxytocin system. This means that high levels of oxytocinergic activity coordinate outgoing sociality with higher fertility, which seems to indicate a faster life history overall. Rethinking how mindbody interactions and their underlying pleiotropic endocrine systems influence health and disease should be sparked by these findings. The fetus is inevitably the focus of discussion on abortion rights, and the dichotomy of "pro-life" and "pro-choice" positions is frequently used as a frame of reference.

Amniocentesis

It also examines the effects of ultrasound, amniocentesis, and stem cell research on anti-abortion discourse and compares abortion laws to laws that punish child murder. Terms like "child" and "baby" are used a lot more. The article concludes by emphasizing the necessity of investigating the narratives and experiences of women who have had abortions, as well as the implications for public policy and advocacy. Exposing how antiabortion groups use fear and guilt to reinforce their messages and the ways in which they manipulate popular culture and women's experiences is important, as is demonstrating that pregnant women frequently choose abortion to protect their family's right to survive. The accessibility of PC controlled counterfeit hearts, kidneys, and lungs, as well as the chance of embedding human incipient organisms in ex vivo uterus models or a fake endometrium, presents new viewpoints for making a fake uterus. Additionally, survival rates have increased, with fetuses surviving as early as 24 weeks of pregnancy. A 2017 Nature report was widely praised for praising the artificial womb's arrival. However, the involved scientists claim that their technology merely enhances neonatal care.

This makes it possible to categorize ectogenetive and ectogestative technologies in great detail. This means that the 2017 system is not just better neonatal incubation but also real ectogestation. However, it is not an artificial womb—a term that ought to be put to rest. According to the analysis, any ethical discussion involving ectogestation must always take into account the mother's autonomy and rights as well as any potential risks to her. Additionally, it brings a third aspect to the reproductive ethics debates that could be significant: the physiological transition from gestating fetus to newborn baby. Two research teams claimed "proof of principle" for artificial womb technology (AWT) in 2017 and 2019. The bioethical literature has speculated about AWT for a long time, and there is widespread agreement that it is a welcome development. Despite this, the development of AWT, particularly as an alternative to neonatal intensive care, pays little attention to more immediate ethical issues. To begin this discussion, I consider whether experimental AWT is medical research or an innovative treatment. The purpose of the research-treatment distinction, which is prevalent in worldwide regulation, is to isolate and subject research activities to greater oversight. I argue that the literature tends to view AWT as an innovative treatment for partial ectogenesis. In order to reflect the investigative nature of the process and ensure sufficient subject protection, it must be considered medical research. In order to formulate additional ethical and legal questions regarding the experimental use of AWT, it is essential to establish that AWT is research. Thirdly, I demonstrate that regulatory requirements will necessitate clinical trials as part of the clinical translation of AWT. I consider the rationale behind clinical trials and draw attention to some important ethical concerns regarding the conditions under which they should be conducted. However, this dichotomy isn't the only framework for discussing abortion; Concerns regarding the fetus have been expressed in a variety of theological, legal, and medical frameworks. This article demonstrates the complexity of discourses on the fetus from Iran, the Philippines, and the United States.