Description

Global disruption of daily life was caused by the corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, and the long-term effects on children's health are still a serious worry. The well-being of children is influenced by neighborhood features, but it is unclear how the epidemic changed these relationships. In order to assess the effects of neighborhood characteristics on child wellbeing both before and during the pandemic, we analyzed data from 1039 children enrolled in the environmental influences on child health outcomes program, whose well-being was measured using the patient-reported outcomes measurement Information System Global Health questionnaire. We then linked these data to data from the American Community Survey (ACS). We calculated the relationships between over 400 ACS factors and the period of outcome data collection as well as the t-scores for child well-being that are stratified by race/ethnicity. The relationships between ACS factors and child well-being t-scores were displayed using network graphs. During the epidemic, there were fewer ACS variables linked to well-being t-scores. Several ACS characteristics were linked to children's well-being during the pandemic when comparing non-hispanic white to other racial/ethnic groups.

Numerous elements

During the pandemic, lower well-being t-scores among non- Hispanic white children were associated with multiple ACS variables representing housing conditions at the census tract level and neighborhood racial composition; conversely, higher percentages of Hispanic residents and adults working as essential workers in census tracts were associated with lower well-being t-scores among non-white children during the same study period. Our research sheds light on the relationships that exist between neighborhood attributes and the wellbeing of children, as well as the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted these relationships. The whole condition of a kid's physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development, including their well-being, contentment, safety, and capacity to grow, is referred to as child well-being. Numerous elements, such as neighborhood features, family support, education, and access to healthcare, have an impact on a child's well-being. A neighborhood's physical and social surroundings are defined by a variety of factors that is together referred to as neighborhood characteristics. These traits are frequently measured in epidemiologic research utilizing variables from the American Community Survey (ACS), which offers information on a wide range of topics such as housing condition, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and demographic makeup. Have discovered links between children's development and health and a variety of local features as assessed by the ACS. The argument that state- and market-driven programs for environmental impact disclosure are too narrowly focused and overly predicated on the reliability and objectivity of enforcement and monitoring will not suffice to address environmental sustainability is becoming more and more prevalent.

Environmental disclosure

However, the role of citizen monitoring has received little consideration in economics and policy research in general by examining the dynamics of revealing local environmental effect and the possible contribution of citizen monitoring to environmental policy, this research seeks to close that gap from an economics perspective. In order to achieve this, the study discusses pluralistic monopolistic environmental disclosure, using citizen monitoring to illustrate the latter. Because of the industries unique transparency issues in global value chains which can have a significant detrimental influence on the local environment the study chooses the mining sector as an illustrative example. It is demonstrated how citizen monitoring and other pluralistic forms of information provision can help to encourage the production of more trustworthy information, particularly in nations with weak governmental institutions. This is especially crucial when it comes to environmental impacts that pose a high risk. The results should help shape environmental policy and offer scholars and politicians useful information. There is conflicting and dispersed information regarding shared mobility's effects on the environment. A thorough assessment of the literature is provided in this article. The review focuses on evaluations that quantify the environmental effects of carpooling, bike sharing, scooter/moped sharing, and automobile sharing using Life-Cycle Assessment. These assessments' findings and the variables affecting their impacts were examined. When it comes to modifying the environmental effects of passenger transportation, business-to-consumer vehicle sharing, peer-topeer car sharing, carpooling, bikes haring, and scooter/moped sharing can all have positive and negative effects. The research given here disproves the notion that shared mobility is environmentally beneficial. A number of factors, such as travel habits, the layout of shared mobility options, the way in which these programs are put into practice, and the local environment, affect how shared mobility affects the environment. The analysis provided here can help local governments and shared mobility organizations better understand these characteristics and take into account the life-cycle phase where the biggest consequences occur.