Communication systems can be wired or wireless and the medium used for communication can be guided or unguided

Both wireless communication networks and handheld devices have continued their rapid technical evolution, supporting a growing focus on increased end-user utility and new opportunities for compelling wireless applications in many aspects of people’ s lives.

The advances in cellular network air interfaces and infrastructure has included increased data rates, spectral efficiency, and wider bandwidths, with more recent focus on the efficient support of various types of network heterogeneity. Wireless operator deployments of wide area network (W AN) macro cells are now being coordinated with planned lower power pico-cells and also allowing for the addition of unplanned but auto-configuring user-deployable indoor femto cells. These varying sized cells are optimized to achieve both high capacity and good coverage, sharing the same licensed spectrum to meet the high bandwidth needs of users who might be very densely packed at a large sporting event, moderately clustered in an office or mall, or more geographically isolated. Over and above the heterogeneity from varying cell sizes and planned vs. unplanned licensed communications, devices on licensed networks are now also supporting a growing amount of unlicensed radio frequency communications for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other new approaches for short range links at higher frequencies. The growing mix of cell sizes and licensed and unlicensed communications link options has also renewed research efforts on broader cross-systems optimization with new approaches to increase network power efficiency and avoid interference and cognitive radio sensing techniques to make opportunistic use of available spectrum.
 

Author(s): TSEYIBOR JIMMY YAO   

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